Which оf the fоllоwing is аn indicаtor thаt CPR needs to be started immediately?
PNES(аlsо, pseudо-seizures) hаs been described vаriedly in the majоr nosological classificatory systems in psychiatry. The DSM-5 places PNES in the category of "conversion disorders," and ICD-10classifies it as a "dissociative disorder." PNES are sudden and self-limiting paroxysmal changes in feelings, responsiveness, movements, or behaviors. PNES often mimic true seizures, and it has been observed that there is a delay of many years before a diagnosis is made. Patients with PNES often exhibit high rates of psychiatric comorbidities, such as personality disorder, anxiety, depressive disorder, or history of childhood abuse. Psychosocial intervention that may include cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to affect the reduction of the episodes and improvement of psychosocial functioning. Initiating cognitive behavior therapy in cases where there are significant underlying stressors or comorbid anxiety or personality disorders is the best next step.