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The following table shows the demand curve and cost information for a firm that is a monopoly. What quantity should it produce to maximize their profits?  Hint: you must calculate TR, MR, MC to answer this question. Price Quantity TC $10 0 $500 $9 200 $1,000 $8 400 $1,600 $7 600 $2,500 $6 800 $4,000

The top figure shows a path model of the homeostatic system that regulates the osmolarity of blood. This regulated variable is represented by a dashed box. Other variables are represented by solid black boxes. An arrow connecting one box to another indicates a relationship between two variables. The sign above an arrow (+ or -) indicates whether the variables are related positively or negatively.  The bottom figure is a set of plots.  Which plot above shows the relationship between the osmolarity of blood (independent variable) and the activity of channel proteins (dependent variable)?

A cell responds to two types of signaling molecules. Estrogen is a signaling molecule that binds to an intracellular receptor known as an estrogen receptor (ER), ultimately causing gene expression. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a signaling molecule that binds to a membrane receptor (IGF-1R). Upon binding to IGF-1R, a molecule of IGF-1 activates a signaling pathway that can phosphorylate ER, enhancing the rate of gene expression caused by estrogen alone. The figure shows the integration of the two signaling pathways. Which two cellular responses should occur in the presence of estrogen and absence of IGF-1?

An organism must regulate the concentration of solutes in its body fluids, called osmolarity. An extreme change in osmolarity will alter the diffusion of water through cell membranes, potentially disrupting the functions of cells.  In a healthy human, a homeostatic system ensures that the osmolarity of blood stays within a certain range. When the osmolarity increases, nerve cells in the hypothalamus detect the diffusion of water through channel proteins in their membranes (osmosis). These channels activate a signaling pathway that causes a nerve cell to secrete a hormone called vasopressin. A molecule of vasopressin can bind to receptors in the membranes of kidney cells, causing the kidneys to excrete less water as urine. Over time, the osmolarity of blood returns back to its expected range.  Alcohol inhibits the release of vasopressin by nerve cells. Typically, a person who has not consumed alcohol has a concentration of vasopressin between 0.5 pg ml-1 and 2 pg ml-1, but a person who has ingested alcohol has a much lower concentration of vasopressin.  The figure shows a path model of the homeostatic system that regulates the osmolarity of blood. This model also describes the effect of alcohol on the concentration of vasopressin in blood. The regulated variable is represented by a dashed box. Other variables are represented by a solid black box. An arrow connecting one box to another indicates a relationship between two variables. The value above each arrow indicates the slope of the linear relationship between the variables connected by the arrow.  Complete the following sentence. If a person has ingested alcohol, the osmolarity of the blood would ______.

Cortisol is a signaling molecule that regulates gene expression in the cells of a mammal.  Cortisol enters a cell and binds to a protein called a cortisol receptor. Binding of cortisol facilitates the phosphorylation of the cortisol receptor, which then can enter the nucleus and affect transcription.  The figure below shows a system of two genes whose transcription is regulated by cortisol. The IL10 gene codes for a protein called interleukin 10. The BGLAP gene codes for a protein called osteocalcin. A cortisol receptor can activate or repress the transcription of a gene by binding to a regulatory element. For example, a cortisol receptor activates transcription of the IL10 gene but represses transcription of the BGLAP gene.   When a person experiences stress, their adrenal gland releases cortisol, increasing the concentration of cortisol throughout the body. As a person sleeps, the concentration of cortisol in their blood decreases to nearly zero. After waking, the concentration of cortisol increases by four to seven times the concentration during sleep.   Complete the following sentence. During sleep, a cortisol receptor is _______ to be bound to the regulatory element of the IL10 gene.

Cortisol is a signaling molecule that regulates gene expression in the cells of a mammal.  Cortisol enters a cell and binds to a protein called a cortisol receptor. Binding of cortisol facilitates the phosphorylation of the cortisol receptor, which then can enter the nucleus and affect transcription.  The figure below shows a system of two genes whose transcription is regulated by cortisol. The IL10 gene codes for a protein called interleukin 10. The BGLAP gene codes for a protein called osteocalcin. A cortisol receptor can activate or repress the transcription of a gene by binding to a regulatory element. For example, a cortisol receptor activates transcription of the IL10 gene but represses transcription of the BGLAP gene.   When a person experiences stress, their adrenal gland releases cortisol, increasing the concentration of cortisol throughout the body. As a person sleeps, the concentration of cortisol in their blood decreases to nearly zero. After waking, the concentration of cortisol increases by four to seven times the concentration during sleep.   Complete the following sentence. When the concentration of cortisol increase after waking, a molecule of RNA polymerase is _______ to be bound to the promoter of the BGLAP gene.

The figure shows four containers of the same size. The purple dots represent molecules within each container.  The temperature in each container is identical. In which container would you expect to observe the most number of interactions between molecules?   

Plants use a homeostatic system to regulate the osmolarity of the fluid in xylem. As the osmolarity of this fluid increases, the cells of the roots produce proteins that transport solutes through the cell membrane. These proteins actively transport solutes from the roots into the soil, decreasing the osmolarity of the cells. As the osmolarity of root cells decreases, water moves from these cells into the xylem via osmosis, decreasing the osmolarity of the fluid in the xylem. The top figure shows a set of linear relationships among three variables involved in regulating the osmolarity of fluid in the xylem. The bottom figure shows four path models, labeled A through D, that represent possible homeostatic systems that regulate the osmolarity of fluid in the xylem. The regulated variable is represented by a dashed box. Other variables are represented by a solid black box. An arrow connecting one box to another indicates a relationship between two variables. The sign above an arrow (+ or -) indicates whether the variables are positively or negatively related.  Which path model accurately describes the relationships among the three variables?

The figure shows two boxes containing chemical structures. The box on the top contains the structure of an amino acid called lysine. The box on the bottom contains the structure of four other amino acids, labeled A through D. In both boxes, the R group of each amino acid is highlighted. Which amino acid has an R group that can bond with the R group of lysine? 

An enzyme called phosphofructokinase binds a substrate called fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and catalyzes a reaction to form a product. The activity of this enzyme depends on the presence of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.  The figure shows the relationship between the concentration of F6P and the activity of enzymes, in either the presence or absence of ATP. The activity of enzymes was measured as the rate at which products were formed (also called the rate of reaction). Which statement could explain the effect of ATP on the activity of this enzyme?