A 32 y.o. female presents with swelling and pain over the wr…

A 32 y.o. female presents with swelling and pain over the wrist. She reports the pain is worse worse at night and wakes her up. She is taking ibuprofen with little relief. If she is diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, what pathophysiology is contributing to her symptoms? 

Mitral valve stenosis occurs when the valve between the left…

Mitral valve stenosis occurs when the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle becomes narrowed, which restricts blood flow during diastole and increases pressure in the left atrium. This pressure backs up into the lungs, causing pulmonary congestion and reduced cardiac output. Over time, the left atrium enlarges, which raises the risk for atrial fibrillation and blood clots. Patients often experience shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations, and more advanced cases can present with leg swelling or abdominal fluid buildup. What is the primary cause of mitral valve stenosis worldwide?