You are interested in collecting Circulating Tumor Cells (CT…

You are interested in collecting Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) from a cancer patient to track tumor recurrence. What is the most recent (last) step in the process of metastasis (the Invasion-Metastasis cascade) that a cancer cell must have completed in order to be a CTC?

BillyBob Iguana got his name by riding around with iguanas t…

BillyBob Iguana got his name by riding around with iguanas tied to his bike handlebars and selling them to tourists. Surprisingly the market wasn’t strong. He also has been diagnosed with recurrent Hodgkin’s lymphoma after standard curative chemotherapy. His medical oncologist has recently started him on nivolumab and his symptoms of fevers and sweats have improved. Nivolumab is a target specific monoclonal antibody and works by preventing tumor cells from evading immune destruction. Which of the following sites in the tumor immune interaction serves as the target for nivolumab?