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Rational Choice theory has roots in the ____school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker, Cesare Beccaria.

The fact that  a crime is offense-specific means that criminals must decide if they have the personal needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act.

If the punishment for a crime is increased and the effectiveness and effeciency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline.

Minority and white group members are equally likely to be poor.

Which of Merton’s social adaptations is most closely associated with criminal behavior?

If more criminals are sent to prison, the incarceration rate should go down.  This is referred to as:

The “Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.

Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete  school  than children who do not grow up in low-income households.

According to Shaw and McKay, a ____ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of: