Questiоns 50-51 refer tо the pаssаge belоw: “The extensions of the frаnchise to the men of my country have been preceded by very great violence, by something like a revolution, by something like civil war. In 1832, you know we were on the edge of a civil war and on the edge of revolution, and it was…after the practice of arson on so large a scale that half the city of Bristol was burned down in a single night, it was because more and greater violence and arson were feared that the Reform Bill of 1832* was allowed to pass into law. In 1867,….rioting went on all over the country, and…as a result of the fear of more rioting and violence the Reform Act of 1867* was put upon the statute books… In 1884…rioting was threatened and feared, and so the agricultural labourers got the vote… Now, gentlemen, in your heart of hearts…you know perfectly well that there never was a thing worth having that was not worth fighting for. You know perfectly well that if the situation were reversed, if you had no constitutional rights and we had all of them, if you had the duty of paying and obeying and trying to look as pleasant, and we were the proud citizens who could decide our fate and yours, because we knew what was good for you better than you knew yourselves, you know perfectly well that you wouldn’t stand it for a single day, and you would be perfectly justified in rebelling against such intolerable conditions.” * The Reform Bill of 1832 give the vote to the middle class. ** The Reform Act of 1867 gave workers the right to vote. Emmeline Pankhurst, speech to a U.S. audience, 1913 European governments reacted to the ideas expressed in the passage in which of the following ways?
Questiоns 19-21 refer tо the pаssаge belоw. III. By utility is meаnt that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness… or to prevent mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered: if that party be the community in general, then the happiness of the community: if a particular individual, then the happiness of that individual… V. It is in vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual. A thing is said to promote the interest, or to be for the interest, of an individual, when it tends to add to the sum total of his pleasures: or, what comes to the same thing, to diminish the sum total of his pains… VII. A measure of government…may be said to be conformable to or dictated by the principle of utility, when in like manner the tendency which it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any which it has to diminish it…. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) Bentham's views would most likely have been favored by
Questiоns 32-33 refer tо the fоllowing pаssаge: “In the scheme which I hаve developed I have endeavoured to give Hungary not a new position with regard to the Austrian empire, but to secure her in the one which she has occupied. The Emperor of Austria is King of Hungary; my idea was that he should revive in his person the Constitution of which he and his ancestors have been the heads. The leading principles of my plan are, not the creation of a new kingdom and a new Constitution, but the resuscitation (‘Auferstehung”) of an old monarchy and an old Constitution; not the separation of one part of the empire from the other, but the drawing together of the two component parts by the recognition of their joint positions, the maintenance of their mutual obligations, their community in questions affecting the entire empire, and their proportional pecuniary responsibility for the liabilities of the whole State. It is no plan of separation that I have carried out; on the contrary, it is one of closer union, not by the creation of a new power, but by the recognition of an old one. This cannot be too often repeated, for I know that there are many people who maintain that I have divided the empire.” -- Memoirs of Friedrich Ferdinand Count von Beust, 1887 Count von Beust negotiated the Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867, which transformed the Austrian Empire into the "Dual Monarchy" of Austria-Hungary. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that the Count von Beust was most influenced by which of the following?