Which оf the fоllоwing molecules is а source of cаrbon during fаtty acid synthesis?
A needle is being inserted intо Asukа’s аbdоmen аnd a sample оf amniotic fluid will be withdrawn so that the doctors can analyze the fetal cells that have been shed into the fluid. Which prenatal diagnostic technique is being performed on Asuka?
Which reflex evоlves intо the stаrtle reflex the?
Is the fоllоwing sentence frоm pаrаgrаph G of "Restless Genes" fact or speculation? He notes, too, that the large number of studies supporting 7R's link with these traits is countered by another large number of studies showing no link.
Restless Genes [A] The drive tо see whаt lies beyоnd thаt fаr hоrizon or that ocean or this planet is a defining part of human identity and success. Not all of us ache to ride a rocket or navigate an endless sea. Yet, as a species we're curious enough and fascinated enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the explorer's return. Yes, we explore to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply to discover what's there. [B] "No other mammal moves around like we do," says Svante Paabo, a director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, where he uses genetics to study human origins. "We jump borders. We push into new territory even when we have resources where we are. Other animals don't do this...In just 50,000 years, we covered everything. There's a kind of madness to it. Sailing out into the ocean, you have no idea what's on the other side. And, now, we go to Mars. We never stop. Why?" [C] Why indeed? Paabo and other scientists examining this question are themselves explorers, walking new ground. They know that they might have to rethink their ideas at any time. They know that any ideas about why we explore might soon face revision as their young disciplines turn up new evidence. Yet, for those trying to figure out what makes humans tick, our drive to explore is an exciting subject. What gives rise to this "madness" to explore? What drove us out from Africa and on to the moon and beyond? [D] If we are born with a drive to explore, perhaps the reason lies within our genes. In fact there is a variant of a gene called DRD4, which helps control dopamine, which is a chemical important in learning and reward. Researchers have tied the variant, known as DRD4-7R and carried by roughly 20 percent of all humans, to curiosity and restlessness. Dozens of human studies have found that 7R makes people more likely to take risks; explore new places, ideas, foods, relationships, drugs, or sexual opportunities; and generally welcome movement, change, and adventure. Studies in animals suggest that 7R increases their taste for both movement and new things. [E] Several studies tie 7R to human migration. The first large genetic study to do so, led by Chuansheng Chen of the University of California, Irvine in 1999, found 7R more common in present-day migratory cultures than in settled ones. A larger 2011 study supported this, finding that 7R, along with another variant named 2R, tends to be found more frequently than you would expect by chance in populations whose ancestors migrated longer distances after they moved out of Africa. Neither study necessarily mean that the 7R form of the gene actually made those ancestors especially restless; you'd have to have been around back then to test that idea with certainty. But both studies support the idea that a nomadic lifestyle selects for the 7R variant. [F] Another recent study backs this up. Among the Ariaal people in Africa, those who carry 7R tend to be stronger and better fed than those without 7R if they live in nomadic groups, possibly reflecting better fitness for a nomadic life. However, 7R carriers tend to be less well fed if they live in villages. The variant's value, then, like that of many genes and traits, may depend on the surroundings. A restless person may do well in an environment that often changes, but have trouble in a world where everything stays the same. [G] So is 7R the explorer's gene or adventure gene, as some call it? Yale University evolutionary and population geneticist Kenneth Kidd thinks that exaggerates its role. Kidd speaks with special authority here, as he was part of the team that discovered the 7R variant 20 years ago. He thinks that many of the studies linking 7R to a nomadic life suffer from bad methods or math. He notes, too, that the large number of studies supporting 7R's link with these traits is countered by another large number of studies showing no link. [H] "You just can't reduce something as complex as human exploration to a single gene," he says, laughing. "Genetics doesn't work that way." [I] It would be better, Kidd suggests, to consider how groups of genes might lay a foundation for such behavior. On this, he and most 7R advocates agree: Whatever we ultimately conclude about 7R's role in driving restlessness, no one gene or set of genes can make us want to explore. More likely, different groups of genes contribute to multiple traits; some allow us to explore, and others, with 7R quite possibly among them, press us to do so. It helps, in short, to think not just of the drive to explore but of the ability and not just the motivation but the means. Before you can act on the drive, you need the tools or traits that make exploration possible. In paragraph C, what does the phrase what makes humans tick mean?
The DNA Trаil [A] Everybоdy lоves а gоod story, аnd when it's finished, this may be the greatest one ever told. It begins in Africa with a group of people, perhaps just a few hundred, surviving by hunting animals and gathering fruits, vegetables, and nuts. It ends about 200,000 years later with their seven billion descendants spread across the Earth. [B] In between is an exciting tale of survival, movement, isolation, and conquest, most of it occurring before recorded history. Who were those first modern people in Africa? What routes did they take when they left their home continent to expand into Europe and Asia? When and how did humans reach the Americas? For decades, the only proof was found in a small number of scattered bones and artifacts that our ancestors had left behind. In the past 20 years, however, DNA technologies have allowed scientists to find a record of ancient human migrations in the DNA of living people. Tracing Ancestry in DNA [C] "Every drop of human blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes," says population geneticist Spencer Wells. The human genetic code, or genome, is 99.9 percent identical throughout the world. The bulk of our DNA is the same. However, the remainder is responsible for our individual differences—in eye color or disease risk, for example. On very rare occasions, a small change—called a mutation—can occur. This can then be passed down to all of that person's descendants. Generations later, finding that same mutation in two people's DNA indicates that they share the same ancestor. By comparing mutations in many different populations, scientists can trace their ancestral connections. [D] These ancient mutations are easiest to track in two places. One is in DNA that is passed from mother to child (called mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA). The other is in DNA that travels from father to son (known as the Y chromosome, the part of DNA that determines a child will be a boy). By comparing the mtDNA and Y chromosomes of people from various populations, geneticists can get a rough idea of where and when those groups separated in the great migrations around the planet. Out of Africa [E] In the mid-1980s, a study compared mtDNA from people around the world. It found that people of African descent had twice as many genetic differences from each other than did others. Because mutations seem to occur at a steady rate over time, scientists concluded that modern humans must have lived in Africa at least twice as long as anywhere else. They now calculate that all living humans maternally descend from a single woman who lived roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa, a "mitochondrial Eve." If geneticists are right, all of humanity is linked to Eve through an unbroken chain of mothers. This Eve was soon joined by "Y-chromosome Adam," the possible genetic father of us all, also from Africa. DNA studies have confirmed that all the people on Earth can trace their ancestry to ancient Africans. [F] What seems certain is that at a remarkably recent date— probably between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago—one small group of people, the ancestors of modern humans outside of Africa, left Africa for western Asia. They either migrated around the wider northern end of the Red Sea, or across its narrow southern opening. [G] Once in Asia, genetic evidence suggests, the population split. One group stayed temporarily in the Middle East, while the other began a journey that would last tens of thousands of years. Moving a little farther with each new generation, they followed the coast around the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia, all the way to Australia. "The movement was probably imperceptible," says Spencer Wells. "It was less of a journey and probably more like walking a little farther down the beach to get away from the crowd." [H] Archeological evidence of this 13,000-kilometer migration from Africa to Australia has almost completely vanished. However, genetic traces of the group that made the trip do exist. They have been found in the DNA of indigenous peoples in Malaysia, in Papua New Guinea, and in the DNA of nearly all Australian aborigines. Modern discoveries of 45,000-year-old bodies in Australia, buried at a site called Lake Mungo, provide physical evidence for the theories as well. [I] People in the rest of Asia and Europe share different but equally ancient mtDNA and Y-chromosome mutations. These mutations show that most are descendants of the group that stayed in the Middle East for thousands of years before moving on. Perhaps about 40,000 years ago, modern humans first advanced into Europe. Peopling the Americas [J] About the same time as modern humans pushed into Europe, some of the same group that had paused in the Middle East spread east into Central Asia. They eventually reached as far as Siberia, the Korean peninsula, and Japan. Here begins one of the last chapters in the human story—the peopling of the Americas. Most scientists believe that today's Native Americans descend from ancient Asians who crossed from Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age. At that time, low sea levels would have exposed a land bridge between the continents. Perhaps they—only a few hundred people—were traveling along the coast, moving from one piece of land to the next, between a freezing ocean and a wall of ice. "A coastal route would have been the easiest way in," says Wells. "But it still would have been a hell of a trip." Once across, they followed the immense herds of animals into the mainland. They spread to the tip of South America in as little as a thousand years. [K] Genetic researchers can only tell us the basic outlines of a story of human migration that is more complex than any ever written. Many details of the movements of our ancestors and their countless individual lives can only be imagined. But thanks to genetic researchers, themselves descendants of mtDNA Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, we have begun to unlock important secrets about the origins and movements of our ancient ancestors. Which of the following continents is NOT mentioned in the passage?
Restless Genes [A] The drive tо see whаt lies beyоnd thаt fаr hоrizon or that ocean or this planet is a defining part of human identity and success. Not all of us ache to ride a rocket or navigate an endless sea. Yet, as a species we're curious enough and fascinated enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the explorer's return. Yes, we explore to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply to discover what's there. [B] "No other mammal moves around like we do," says Svante Paabo, a director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, where he uses genetics to study human origins. "We jump borders. We push into new territory even when we have resources where we are. Other animals don't do this...In just 50,000 years, we covered everything. There's a kind of madness to it. Sailing out into the ocean, you have no idea what's on the other side. And, now, we go to Mars. We never stop. Why?" [C] Why indeed? Paabo and other scientists examining this question are themselves explorers, walking new ground. They know that they might have to rethink their ideas at any time. They know that any ideas about why we explore might soon face revision as their young disciplines turn up new evidence. Yet, for those trying to figure out what makes humans tick, our drive to explore is an exciting subject. What gives rise to this "madness" to explore? What drove us out from Africa and on to the moon and beyond? [D] If we are born with a drive to explore, perhaps the reason lies within our genes. In fact there is a variant of a gene called DRD4, which helps control dopamine, which is a chemical important in learning and reward. Researchers have tied the variant, known as DRD4-7R and carried by roughly 20 percent of all humans, to curiosity and restlessness. Dozens of human studies have found that 7R makes people more likely to take risks; explore new places, ideas, foods, relationships, drugs, or sexual opportunities; and generally welcome movement, change, and adventure. Studies in animals suggest that 7R increases their taste for both movement and new things. [E] Several studies tie 7R to human migration. The first large genetic study to do so, led by Chuansheng Chen of the University of California, Irvine in 1999, found 7R more common in present-day migratory cultures than in settled ones. A larger 2011 study supported this, finding that 7R, along with another variant named 2R, tends to be found more frequently than you would expect by chance in populations whose ancestors migrated longer distances after they moved out of Africa. Neither study necessarily mean that the 7R form of the gene actually made those ancestors especially restless; you'd have to have been around back then to test that idea with certainty. But both studies support the idea that a nomadic lifestyle selects for the 7R variant. [F] Another recent study backs this up. Among the Ariaal people in Africa, those who carry 7R tend to be stronger and better fed than those without 7R if they live in nomadic groups, possibly reflecting better fitness for a nomadic life. However, 7R carriers tend to be less well fed if they live in villages. The variant's value, then, like that of many genes and traits, may depend on the surroundings. A restless person may do well in an environment that often changes, but have trouble in a world where everything stays the same. [G] So is 7R the explorer's gene or adventure gene, as some call it? Yale University evolutionary and population geneticist Kenneth Kidd thinks that exaggerates its role. Kidd speaks with special authority here, as he was part of the team that discovered the 7R variant 20 years ago. He thinks that many of the studies linking 7R to a nomadic life suffer from bad methods or math. He notes, too, that the large number of studies supporting 7R's link with these traits is countered by another large number of studies showing no link. [H] "You just can't reduce something as complex as human exploration to a single gene," he says, laughing. "Genetics doesn't work that way." [I] It would be better, Kidd suggests, to consider how groups of genes might lay a foundation for such behavior. On this, he and most 7R advocates agree: Whatever we ultimately conclude about 7R's role in driving restlessness, no one gene or set of genes can make us want to explore. More likely, different groups of genes contribute to multiple traits; some allow us to explore, and others, with 7R quite possibly among them, press us to do so. It helps, in short, to think not just of the drive to explore but of the ability and not just the motivation but the means. Before you can act on the drive, you need the tools or traits that make exploration possible. What is true of Ariaal people who do not have the 7R gene and live in nomadic groups?
The DNA Trаil [A] Everybоdy lоves а gоod story, аnd when it's finished, this may be the greatest one ever told. It begins in Africa with a group of people, perhaps just a few hundred, surviving by hunting animals and gathering fruits, vegetables, and nuts. It ends about 200,000 years later with their seven billion descendants spread across the Earth. [B] In between is an exciting tale of survival, movement, isolation, and conquest, most of it occurring before recorded history. Who were those first modern people in Africa? What routes did they take when they left their home continent to expand into Europe and Asia? When and how did humans reach the Americas? For decades, the only proof was found in a small number of scattered bones and artifacts that our ancestors had left behind. In the past 20 years, however, DNA technologies have allowed scientists to find a record of ancient human migrations in the DNA of living people. Tracing Ancestry in DNA [C] "Every drop of human blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes," says population geneticist Spencer Wells. The human genetic code, or genome, is 99.9 percent identical throughout the world. The bulk of our DNA is the same. However, the remainder is responsible for our individual differences—in eye color or disease risk, for example. On very rare occasions, a small change—called a mutation—can occur. This can then be passed down to all of that person's descendants. Generations later, finding that same mutation in two people's DNA indicates that they share the same ancestor. By comparing mutations in many different populations, scientists can trace their ancestral connections. [D] These ancient mutations are easiest to track in two places. One is in DNA that is passed from mother to child (called mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA). The other is in DNA that travels from father to son (known as the Y chromosome, the part of DNA that determines a child will be a boy). By comparing the mtDNA and Y chromosomes of people from various populations, geneticists can get a rough idea of where and when those groups separated in the great migrations around the planet. Out of Africa [E] In the mid-1980s, a study compared mtDNA from people around the world. It found that people of African descent had twice as many genetic differences from each other than did others. Because mutations seem to occur at a steady rate over time, scientists concluded that modern humans must have lived in Africa at least twice as long as anywhere else. They now calculate that all living humans maternally descend from a single woman who lived roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa, a "mitochondrial Eve." If geneticists are right, all of humanity is linked to Eve through an unbroken chain of mothers. This Eve was soon joined by "Y-chromosome Adam," the possible genetic father of us all, also from Africa. DNA studies have confirmed that all the people on Earth can trace their ancestry to ancient Africans. [F] What seems certain is that at a remarkably recent date— probably between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago—one small group of people, the ancestors of modern humans outside of Africa, left Africa for western Asia. They either migrated around the wider northern end of the Red Sea, or across its narrow southern opening. [G] Once in Asia, genetic evidence suggests, the population split. One group stayed temporarily in the Middle East, while the other began a journey that would last tens of thousands of years. Moving a little farther with each new generation, they followed the coast around the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia, all the way to Australia. "The movement was probably imperceptible," says Spencer Wells. "It was less of a journey and probably more like walking a little farther down the beach to get away from the crowd." [H] Archeological evidence of this 13,000-kilometer migration from Africa to Australia has almost completely vanished. However, genetic traces of the group that made the trip do exist. They have been found in the DNA of indigenous peoples in Malaysia, in Papua New Guinea, and in the DNA of nearly all Australian aborigines. Modern discoveries of 45,000-year-old bodies in Australia, buried at a site called Lake Mungo, provide physical evidence for the theories as well. [I] People in the rest of Asia and Europe share different but equally ancient mtDNA and Y-chromosome mutations. These mutations show that most are descendants of the group that stayed in the Middle East for thousands of years before moving on. Perhaps about 40,000 years ago, modern humans first advanced into Europe. Peopling the Americas [J] About the same time as modern humans pushed into Europe, some of the same group that had paused in the Middle East spread east into Central Asia. They eventually reached as far as Siberia, the Korean peninsula, and Japan. Here begins one of the last chapters in the human story—the peopling of the Americas. Most scientists believe that today's Native Americans descend from ancient Asians who crossed from Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age. At that time, low sea levels would have exposed a land bridge between the continents. Perhaps they—only a few hundred people—were traveling along the coast, moving from one piece of land to the next, between a freezing ocean and a wall of ice. "A coastal route would have been the easiest way in," says Wells. "But it still would have been a hell of a trip." Once across, they followed the immense herds of animals into the mainland. They spread to the tip of South America in as little as a thousand years. [K] Genetic researchers can only tell us the basic outlines of a story of human migration that is more complex than any ever written. Many details of the movements of our ancestors and their countless individual lives can only be imagined. But thanks to genetic researchers, themselves descendants of mtDNA Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, we have begun to unlock important secrets about the origins and movements of our ancient ancestors. Which of the following is speculation and not fact?
Vоcаbulаry, Unit 3B, Pаrt 2 DIRECTIONS: Cоmplete the sentences using the wоrds below. Type the correct word in the blank to complete each sentence. Be sure to spell the answers correctly or they will be marked incorrect. Do not use capital letters. conventional diminished modified notwithstanding traits The amount of homework that he completed [1] after the first few weeks of the semester. However, after the last quiz, he began to work harder. The cold weather [2], Carlos likes living in Alaska. The color of my eyes and my hair are [3] that I inherited from my mother. After the tennis player hurt his leg, his trainer [4] his exercise routine. In English, it is [5] to begin a letter with the word "Dear" followed by the receiver's name.
Restless1 Genes [A] The drive tо see whаt lies beyоnd thаt fаr hоrizon or that ocean or this planet is a defining part of human identity and success. Not all of us ache to ride a rocket or navigate an endless sea. Yet, as a species we're curious enough and fascinated enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the explorer's return. Yes, we explore to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply to discover what's there. [B] "No other mammal2 moves around like we do," says Svante Paabo, a director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, where he uses genetics to study human origins. "We jump borders. We push into new territory even when we have resources where we are. Other animals don't do this...In just 50,000 years, we covered everything. There's a kind of madness to it. Sailing out into the ocean, you have no idea what's on the other side. And, now, we go to Mars. We never stop. Why?" [C] Why indeed? Paabo and other scientists examining this question are themselves explorers, walking new ground. They know that they might have to rethink their ideas at any time. They know that any ideas about why we explore might soon face revision as their young disciplines turn up new evidence. Yet, for those trying to figure out what makes humans tick, our drive to explore is an exciting subject. What gives rise to this "madness" to explore? What drove us out from Africa and on to the moon and beyond? [D] If we are born with a drive to explore, perhaps the reason lies within our genes. In fact there is a variant of a gene called DRD4, which helps control dopamine3, which is a chemical important in learning and reward. Researchers have tied the variant, known as DRD4-7R and carried by roughly 20 percent of all humans, to curiosity and restlessness. Dozens of human studies have found that 7R makes people more likely to take risks; explore new places, ideas, foods, relationships, drugs, or sexual opportunities; and generally welcome movement, change, and adventure. Studies in animals suggest that 7R increases their taste for both movement and new things. [E] Several studies tie 7R to human migration. The first large genetic study to do so, led by Chuansheng Chen of the University of California, Irvine in 1999, found 7R more common in present-day migratory cultures than in settled ones. A larger 2011 study supported this, finding that 7R, along with another variant named 2R, tends to be found more frequently than you would expect by chance in populations whose ancestors migrated longer distances after they moved out of Africa. Neither study necessarily mean that the 7R form of the gene actually made those ancestors especially restless; you'd have to have been around back then to test that idea with certainty. But both studies support the idea that a nomadic4 lifestyle selects for the 7R variant. [F] Another recent study backs this up. Among the Ariaal people in Africa, those who carry 7R tend to be stronger and better fed than those without 7R if they live in nomadic groups, possibly reflecting better fitness for a nomadic life. However, 7R carriers tend to be less well fed if they live in villages. The variant's value, then, like that of many genes and traits, may depend on the surroundings. A restless person may do well in an environment that often changes, but have trouble in a world where everything stays the same. [G] So is 7R the explorer's gene or adventure gene, as some call it? Yale University evolutionary and population geneticist Kenneth Kidd thinks that exaggerates its role. Kidd speaks with special authority here, as he was part of the team that discovered the 7R variant 20 years ago. He thinks that many of the studies linking 7R to a nomadic life suffer from bad methods or math. He notes, too, that the large number of studies supporting 7R's link with these traits is countered by another large number of studies showing no link. [H] "You just can't reduce something as complex as human exploration to a single gene," he says, laughing. "Genetics doesn't work that way." [I] It would be better, Kidd suggests, to consider how groups of genes might lay a foundation for such behavior. On this, he and most 7R advocates agree: Whatever we ultimately conclude about 7R's role in driving restlessness, no one gene or set of genes can make us want to explore. More likely, different groups of genes contribute to multiple traits; some allow us to explore, and others, with 7R quite possibly among them, press us to do so. It helps, in short, to think not just of the drive to explore but of the ability and not just the motivation but the means. Before you can act on the drive, you need the tools or traits that make exploration possible. 1 Someone who is restless likes change and likes to try something new. 2 A mammal is an animal whose mother feeds it milk when it is young. 3 Dopamine is a chemical which the brain uses to send signals to nerve cells, and which is linked to feelings of reward or pleasure. 4 A person who is nomadic likes to travel and does not live long in one place. What is a synonym to ache as it is used in paragraph A?