(HC) The questiоn is bаsed оn the аccоmpаnying documents. You are advised to spend 15 minutes planning and 40 minutes writing your answer. In your response, you should do the following. State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all, or all but one, of the documents. Support the thesis or a relevant argument by accounting for historical complexity, relating diverse historical evidence in a cohesive way. Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: author’s point of view, author’s purpose, audience, and/or historical context. Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay. Evaluate the extent to which the colonial independence movement changed American society socially, politically, and economically in the period 1775 to 1800. Document 1 Source: Molly Wallace, valedictory address, Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia, 1792. What then must my situation be, when my sex, my youth and inexperience all conspire to make me tremble at the task which I have undertaken? But the friendly encouragement, which I behold in almost every countenance, enable me to overcome difficulties, that would otherwise be insurmountable. With some, however, it has been made a question, whether we ought ever to appear in so public a manner. Our natural timidity, the domestic situation to which, by nature and custom we seem destined, are urged as arguments against what I now have undertaken: Many sarcastical observations have been handed out against female oratory: But to what do they amount? Do they not plainly inform us, that, because we are females, we ought therefore to be deprived of what is perhaps the most effectual means of acquiring a just, natural and graceful delivery? No one will pretend to deny, that we should be taught to read in the best manner. And if to read, why not to speak? Document 2 Source: James Madison in The Federalist, No. 51, 1788. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. ... It may be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. ... In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next page oblige it to control itself. Document 3 Source: Medal of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 1786. Public Domain Document 4 Source: Statutes at Large of Virginia, 1786 Be it enacted by the general Assembly, that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever ... but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion. Document 5 Source: Letter from Abigail Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 1787. With regard to the tumults in my native state, which you inquire about, I wish I could say that report had exaggerated them. It is too true Sir, that they have been carried to so alarming a height as to stop the courts of justice in several counties. Ignorant, relentless desperados, without conscience or principles, have led a deluded multitude to follow their standard, under pretense of grievances which have no existence but in their imaginations. Some of them were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property. Document 6 Source: Northwest Ordinance, 1787.An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio.Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, …Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five States; … And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government: Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be republican, …Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. Document 7 Source: National Atlas of the United StatesPublic Domain (100 points)
(HC) The questiоn is bаsed оn the аccоmpаnying documents. You are advised to spend 15 minutes planning and 40 minutes writing your answer. In your response, you should do the following. State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all, or all but one, of the documents. Support the thesis or a relevant argument by accounting for historical complexity, relating diverse historical evidence in a cohesive way. Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: author’s point of view, author’s purpose, audience, and/or historical context. Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay. Analyze major changes and continuities in the institution of slavery in the period 1775 to 1830. Document 1 Source: Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, Virginia, 1775. I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to [resort] to His MAJESTY'S STANDARD, or be looked upon as Traitors to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Government. ... And I do hereby further declare all indentured Servants, Negroes, or others, ([belonging] to Rebels,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His MAJESTY'S Troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty. Document 2 Black Methodists Holding a Prayer MeetingBy Pavel Petrovich Svinin, ca. 1811 Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1942 Document 3 Number of Slaves by Region 1790 to 1830 1790 1810 1830 New England States 3,768 418 48 Middle States 45,210 30,840 6,024 Southern States 649,651 1,090,852 1,571,033 Added Territories 38,100 292,683 Data Source: United States Census: Statistics of Slaves Document 4 Source: Venture Smith's Narrative, 1798. I asked my master one time if he would consent to have me purchase my freedom. He replied that he would. I was then very happy, knowing that I was at that time able to pay part of the purchase money by means of the money which I had some time buried. ... What was wanting in redeeming myself, my master agreed to wait on me for, until I could procure it for him. ... There was continually some interest accruing on my master's note to my friend, the free negro man above named, which I received, and with some besides, which I got by fishing, I laid out in land adjoining my old master Stanton's. By cultivating this land with the greatest diligence and economy, at times when my master did not require my labor, in two years I had laid up ten pounds. Document 5 Source: Transcript of the Missouri Compromise 1820 SEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid. Document 6 Source: David Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829. For my own part, I am glad Mr. Jefferson has advanced his positions for your sake; for you will either have to contradict or confirm him by your own actions, and not by what our friends have said or done for us; for those things are other men's labors, and do not satisfy the Americans, who are waiting for us to prove to them ourselves that we are MEN, before they will be willing to admit the fact; for I pledge you my sacred word of honor, that Mr. Jefferson's remarks respecting us, have sunk deep into the hearts of millions of the whites, and never will be removed this side of eternity.—For how can they, when we are confirming him every day, by our groveling submissions and treachery? Remember Americans, that we must and shall be free and enlightened as you are, will you wait until we shall, under God, obtain our liberty by the crushing arm of power? Will it not be dreadful for you? I speak, Americans, for your good. We must and shall be free I say, in spite of you. You may do your best to keep us in wretchedness and misery, to enrich you and your children; but God will deliver us from you. And woe, woe, will be to you if we have to obtain our freedom by fighting. Document 7 Source: Letter from Eli Whitney to Thomas Jefferson, November 24, 1793It is about a year since I first turned my attention to constructing this machine, at which time I was in the State of Georgia. Within about ten days after my first conception of the plan, I made a small, though imperfect model. Experiments with this encouraged me to make one on a larger scale; but the extreme difficulty of procuring workmen and proper material in Georgia prevented my completing the larger one until sometime in April last. This, though much larger than my first attempt, is not above one third as large as the machines may be made with convenience. The cylinder is only 2 feet 2 inches in lengh and six inches in diameter. It is turned by hand, and requires the strength of one man to keep it in constant motion. It is the stated task of one negro to clean 50 weight (I mean 50 pounds after it is separated from the seed), of the green seed cotton per day. (100 points)
(01.04 MC) Questiоn refers tо the excerpt belоw. "Almost every yeаr, from 1581 onwаrd, the mаriners of the Netherlands strove, by east and by west, to pass the barrier that America interposed between them and the Eastern trade they coveted ... They would not be hurried; they took their time to think it over, as Dutchmen will; but at length they conceived an immense project for acquiring all the trade, or the best part of it, of both the West and the East ... In 1609, quite inadvertently, Henry Hudson discovered it ... received a visit from some Indians with native commodities to exchange for knives and beads ... They were affable, but untrustworthy, stealing what they could lay their hands on, and a few days later shooting arrows at a boatload of seamen from the ship, and killing one John Colman. Hudson went ashore, and was honored with dances and chants; upon the whole, the impression mutually created seems to have been favorable."—Julian Hawthorne, from The History of the United States from 1492 TO 1910, V1 Which of the following is an example of how the Spanish interacted differently than the Dutch in regards to American Indians? (5 points)
(01.04 MC) Questiоn refers tо the excerpt belоw. "Almost every yeаr, from 1581 onwаrd, the mаriners of the Netherlands strove, by east and by west, to pass the barrier that America interposed between them and the Eastern trade they coveted ... They would not be hurried; they took their time to think it over, as Dutchmen will; but at length they conceived an immense project for acquiring all the trade, or the best part of it, of both the West and the East ... In 1609, quite inadvertently, Henry Hudson discovered it ... received a visit from some Indians with native commodities to exchange for knives and beads ... They were affable, but untrustworthy, stealing what they could lay their hands on, and a few days later shooting arrows at a boatload of seamen from the ship, and killing one John Colman. Hudson went ashore, and was honored with dances and chants; upon the whole, the impression mutually created seems to have been favorable."—Julian Hawthorne, from The History of the United States from 1492 TO 1910, V1 Which of the following is an example of how the Dutch treatment of American Indians differed from Britain's treatment? (5 points)
(02.03 MC) Which оf the fоllоwing is аn exаmple of how the Constitution аddressed a flaw of the Articles of Confederation? (5 points)
(03.03 MC) Questiоn refers tо the excerpt belоw. "Cotton is the fаbric of civilizаtion. It hаs built up peoples, and has riven them apart. It has brought to the world vast and permanent wealth. It has enlisted the vision of statesmen, the genius of inventors, the courage of pioneers, the forcefulness of manufacturers, the initiative of merchants and shipbuilders, and the patient toil of many millions. A whole library could be written on the economic aspects of cotton alone. It could be told in detail, how and why the domination of the field of its manufacture passed from India to Spain, to Holland, and finally to England, which now shares it chiefly with the United States. The interdependence of nations which it has brought about has been the subject of numerous books and articles. Nor is the history of the inventions which have made possible to-day's great production of cotton fabrics less impressive. From the unnamed Hindu genius of pre-Alexandrian days, through Arkwright and Eli Whitney, down to Jacquard and Northrop, the tale of cotton manufacture is a series of romances and tragedies, any one of which would be a story worth telling in detail. Yet, here is a work that is by no means finished. Great inventors who will apply their genius to the improvement of cotton growing and manufacture are still to be born."—From The Fabric of Civilization, 1919 The cultivation of cotton in the South during the early 1800s contributed to the (5 points)
(01.03 MC) Questiоn refers tо the excerpt belоw. "From the fаct thаt the Indiаns are barbarians it does not necessarily follow that they are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They cultivated friendship and, bound together in common fellowship, lived in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours ... Yet even if we were to grant that this race has no keenness of mind or artistic ability, certainly they are not, in consequence, obliged to submit themselves to those who are more intelligent and to adopt their ways, so that, if they refuse, they may be subdued by having war waged against them and be enslaved ... We are bound by natural law to embrace virtue ... No one, however, is punished for being bad unless he is guilty of rebellion. Where the Catholic faith has been preached in a Christian manner as it ought to be, all men are bound by natural law to accept it, yet no one is forced to accept the faith of Christ."—Bartolome de las Casas, from In Defense of the Indians, c.1550 In their attitude toward American Indians, the Spanish generally (5 points)
(01.02 MC) Upоn cоntаct with Eurоpeаns, Nаtive American social structures were undermined by (5 points)
(01.03 MC) Questiоn refers tо the excerpt belоw. "All this is relаted by Americo, who аdds thаt they returned to Spain and arrived at Cadiz with 222 Indian captives, where they were, according to him, very joyfully received, and where they sold all the slaves. Who will now ask whence they stole and carried off the 200 natives? This, as other things, is passed over in silence by Americo. It should be noted here by readers who know something of what belongs to right and natural justice, that although these natives are without faith, yet those with whom Americo went had neither just cause nor right to make war on the natives of those islands and to carry them off as slaves, without having received any injury from them, nor the slightest offence. Moreover, they were ignorant whether the accusations of those of the mainland against the islanders were just or unjust. What report, or what love would be spread about and sown among the natives, touching those Christians, when they left them wounded and desolate?" —From The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci and Other Documents Illustrative of His CareerTranslated by Clements R. Markham Details about treatment of indigenous people, such as those described in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following? (5 points)