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BillyBob Iguana got his name by riding around with iguanas tied to his bike handlebars and selling them to tourists. Surprisingly the market wasn’t strong. He also has been diagnosed with recurrent Hodgkin’s lymphoma after standard curative chemotherapy. His medical oncologist has recently started him on nivolumab and his symptoms of fevers and sweats have improved. Nivolumab is a target specific monoclonal antibody and works by preventing tumor cells from evading immune destruction. Which of the following sites in the tumor immune interaction serves as the target for nivolumab? 

Specific transcription factors, usually only activated during embryogenesis, help facilitate Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and local invasion/metastasis by promoting:?

This cervical biopsy image represents: 

Which of these is a high risk HPV serotyping

This thickening of the left ventricular wall is an example of: 

A patient with a large breast mass and matted axillary lymph nodes has a needle biopsy which demonstrates infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. The tumor is estrogen receptor negative but expresses Her-2-neu. A decision is made to give chemotherapy before surgery using traditional chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and taxotere with trastuzumab (Herceptin) in an effort to reduce the tumor size and make it resectable. This approach is called.

An 85-year-old male comes to your dermatology clinic complaining of a bleeding ulcer on his scalp. Upon excision there is a population of poorly differentiated, infiltrative, atypical cells. Your next step in the diagnostic process is:

Which of the following is a late effect of cancer treatment?

What is the estimated number of cancer survivors in the US in 2021? 

A population-based study in the state of Tyrol, Austria where prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening has been free of charge for the last three decades compared prostate cancer mortality there and in the neighboring (less affluent) states in Austria where PSA testing has not been freely available. This observational study suggested that PSA-based screening significantly decreases prostate cancer mortality. One possible source of bias in this comparison is that screened patients may be diagnosed earlier in their natural history. This refers to which of the following?