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Scientists studying a group of related bird species on an island archipelago discover that these species are always more closely related to each other within an island than they are between any two islands. The most likely explanation for this result is that

What is the main structure that differentiates between ρρ-dependent and ρρ-independent termination in prokaryotes?

A cell line called HeLa cells has been used in cell research for over 70 years. These cells were taken from a patient with cervical cancer. Why have they survived so long?

A cell line called HeLa cells has been used in cell research for over 70 years. These cells were taken from a patient with cervical cancer. Why have they survived so long?

You are working in a molecular biology lab and, unbeknownst to you, your lab partner left the foreign genomic DNA you are planning to clone on the lab bench overnight instead of storing it in the freezer. As a result, it was degraded by nucleases, but still used in the experiment. The plasmid, on the other hand, is fine. What results would you expect from your molecular cloning experiment?

A mutation within the promoter region can alter gene transcription. Describe how this can happen.

Genes important in the embryonic development of animals have been relatively well conserved during evolution. This means they are more similar among different species than many other genes. What explains this genetic conservation across animal species?

Does alternative gene splicing increase or decrease the flexibility of gene expression? Explain your answer.

A mutation in the promoter region of the gene for the clotting factor IX is the cause of hemophilia B, which results in insufficient clotting. What is the likely reason for hemophilia?

What would happen if RNA polymerase II did not have proofreading capabilities?