Researchers have found that ice cream sales are positively c…

Researchers have found that ice cream sales are positively correlated with murder rates. But instead of ice cream consumption causing murder sprees or vice versa, it appears that hot weather independently leads to increases in both ice cream sales and murder rates. What is this an example of?

To study empathy, Summer may ask her participants to rate th…

To study empathy, Summer may ask her participants to rate their empathic tendencies on a scale of 1–10, or she might look at patterns of activation in brain regions involved in empathy. In this example, the rating scale and patterns of brain activation are both