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In pea plants, round (R) seeds are dominant to wrinkled (r) seeds. A parent homozygous for round seeds is crossed with a parent homozygous for wrinkled seeds. If a plant from the F1 generation is backcrossed to the parent with wrinkled seeds, what is the proportion of the offspring that will have wrinkled seeds? (Assume 100% penetrance and complete dominance)

A recently found martian family is under study. According to early studies, it was found that D (dextral) is dominant to d (sinistral). The mother and her brother, both have genotype Dd and are sinistral. The father of the family (not their father, but the mother’s husband) is dextral, with the genotype dd. All of their offspring are dextral. What best explains this event?  

In a bacterial culture that you are investigating, you find that there are multiple genes next to a promoter. What would likely happen if RNA polymerase binds to that promoter?

A recently found martian family is under study. According to early studies, it was found that D (dextral) is dominant to d (sinistral). The mother and her brother, both have genotype Dd and are sinistral. The father of the family (not their father, but the mother’s husband) is dextral, with the genotype dd. All of their offspring are dextral. What best explains this event?  

Sloths come in two colors, gray and brown. Brown (B) is dominant to gray (b). A mom sloth with brown hair (Bb) mates with a dad sloth who has brown hair (BB). What percent of the offspring will have gray hair? (Assume 100% penetrance and complete dominance)

Assuming 100% penetrance, what is the most likely mode of inheritance shown in the pedigree below? 

Sloths come in two colors, gray and brown. Brown (B) is dominant to gray (b). A mom sloth with brown hair (Bb) mates with a dad sloth who has brown hair (BB). What percent of the offspring will have gray hair? (Assume 100% penetrance and complete dominance)

Assuming 100% penetrance, what is the most likely mode of inheritance shown in the pedigree below? 

Rats fed with a protein-reduced diet during pregnancy resulted in permanent changes in the expression of several genes due to the methylation of specific cytosines during the F1 and the F2 generation. Would this be considered an epigenetic change?

Rats fed with a protein-reduced diet during pregnancy resulted in permanent changes in the expression of several genes due to the methylation of specific cytosines during the F1 and the F2 generation. Would this be considered an epigenetic change?