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A teacher has contracted influenza virus from a student one day before the student began exhibiting symptoms. The student represents what kind of carrier?

Case study #3 Dental caries (dental decay) is the result of solubilization (dissolving) of tooth enamel by acid. The microbes associated with cavities, usually the Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species living in biofilms as plaque, produce organic acids as the waste product of a specific metabolic pathway. Regular tooth brushing and chewing gum after meals, which increases saliva production, and are the two leading methods that can be preformed daily to prevent tooth decay.   What term(s) in the case study description supports your answer for the metabolic pathway used by S. mutans in plaque (what term(s) supports your answer to the previous question)? 

NOx emissions from the degradation of nitrogen fertilizer include:

Use the figure of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte activation above to match the proper term to the numbered/color-coded components.  

The radiation (which includes light) that is intercepted by the earth’s magnetic field and ozone (O3)?

Case study #6 Clostridium botulinum is the causative agent of botulism. This Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus is commonly found on plants, in soil and water, and in the intestinal tract of some animals. The main virulence factor of C. botulinum is botulism toxin, which is a protein neurotoxin that causes muscle paralysis. Death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles. Genetic analysis has led to the understanding that C. botulinum has acquired its toxin genes from lysogenic bacteriophages. Adults who ingest C. botulinum spores alone generally do not become ill. However, adult botulism will result after ingestion of food containing botulinum toxin. Boiling and common chemical treatments used for water denatures botulism toxin. Infantile botulism, rather, results after children under the age of one ingest foods, such as honey, which contains C. botulinum spores but no botulinum toxin. Once inside the infant gut, these spores germinate and botulism toxin is produced after colonization. Treatment for botulism requires injections of botulinum antitoxin, pre-made antibodies that are administered to the patient as quickly as possible.   Botulinum toxin can be best described as a(n)

List two factors that have led to a decline in fertility in the post-WW2 era. Provide a brief economic explanation of how each led to a decline in fertility.

Expert chess players outperform novices in terms of recalling piece location for both random and in-play (real) boards.

Expert chess players outperform novices in terms of recalling piece location for both random and in-play (real) boards.

Match the class of vaccine to its proper description.