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A 72-year-old female with no significant past medical history passes out while exercising. She has intermittent exertional chest pains and dyspnea on exertion as well. Her physical examination reveals a III/VI late-peaking crescendo-decrescendo murmur at the right upper sternal border and a III/VI holosystolic murmur at the apex. Her S2 heart sound is very soft and her carotid upstroke is weak and delayed. Which of the following is most likely causing her symptoms?

A kidney biopsy reveals hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. What condition is this histologic finding most indicative of?

A normal heart is on the right. Which one of the following disorders is the most likely cause of the diseased heart on the left?

A patient with a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur undergoes cardiac catheterization. The peak LV pressure is 160 mmHg. The patient’s diastolic BP is 100 mmHg and their mean arterial pressure is 110 mmHg. What is the gradient across the aortic valve (in mm Hg)?

A teenage boy presents with a dilated cardiomyopathy. His male cousin on his mother’s side of the family is similarly affected. His cousin’s mother is the sister of the patient’s mother. What is the cause of the patient’s cardiomyopathy?

What does a delta wave represent on an ECG?

How is the distinction between subendocardial and transmural infarction made?

A 19 year woman with no prior medical history of disease has the ECG tracing displayed following an episode of syncope. What is the most likely explanation for her syncope?

What is a common limitation in the use of dopamine, dobutamine and milrinone during heart failure?

Calcification of the aortic valve, which predominantly involves the base of the leaflets rather than the leaflet edges, is typical of what disease process?