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Answer only ONE essay question. You may select any one question to answer from the list provided in Essay Set 1 (question 59) and Essay Set 2 (question 60). Your response to this one question is worth 5 points so please be thorough. Do not answer more than one question as only your first answer will be graded.

The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.  a) What biological process is used by a hydrophobic messenger to exit the signaling cell? b) What biological process is used by a hydrophilic messenger to exit the signaling cell? c) Where are the target cell receptors located for hydrophobic messengers? d) Where are the target cell receptors located for hydrophilic messengers?

a. Identify a member of the nematode group. b. Describe three features true of all nematode groups. These may include features related to symmetry or anatomical features (epidermis, mouth, digestive system, excretory system, reproductive system).

Name the three germ layers.

Identify each of the heart chambers depicted with the letters A-H in the diagram below. Arrows indicate the direction of blood flow through the heart.

Describe the relationship between roots and mycorrhizae (0.5pts) to include the impact of each on the other (1pt).

Restriction enzymes are very import to several biotechnologies. What do restriction enzymes do?

Why does an inversion often not affect the phenotype of the individual with the inversion?

Which tissue includes bone and cartilage?

A mutation occurs in a gene that changes part of the DNA coding strand sequence as shown below. What type of mutation occurred? Normal gene (coding DNA strand):   5’ – ATG GCC GGC TTG GTA GAG ACC – 3’Mutated gene (coding DNA strand): 5’ – ATG GCC GGC TTA GTA GAG ACC – 3’