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When Benjamin is six, his mother helps him study spelling words, by telling him to write them 10 times each. Then she calls the words out to him, and she tries to help him come up with methods of remembering words he struggles to learn. By the time he’s 12, Benjamin’s mother is still helping with his homework, but all she does is call out questions after Benjamin has studied on his own. When Benjamin is in high school, his mother doesn’t have to help him study any more, because he has learned how. What does Vygotsky call what Ben’s mother was doing?

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule, and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. According to psychiatrists Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas, Chloe’s temperament can be described as

Write your answers to the following questions in the space below.  Please label your answers as (a), (b) and (c). The planaria, a free-living platyhelminth, does gas exchange across their surface of the body and does not have any specialized gas exchange structures. Yet it is not constrained to having cell layers that are only one cell layer thick like the sponges and cnidarians. a) In order to overcome the constraint that diffusion places on a body plan without a specialized gas exchange structure, would the ratio of the body surface area to the body volume need to be high or low?     b) Explain how the flatworm’s way of doing gas exchange constrains their body plan so that they can provide effective gas exchange to keep the animal alive.           

A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of

Rashad is an active 1-year-old child. He has a regular routine for playing, eating, and sleeping, and he is mostly in a positive mood. He is observant and readily approaches and adapts to new situations. According to psychiatrists Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas’s classification of basic types of temperament in children, Rashad can be considered a(n)

Juliet, a 14-year-old, refuses to go to the annual spring dance held in her school because she has just developed a pimple on her chin, and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates

In the context of human development, ________ refers to an individual’s environmental and social experiences.

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

________ is often termed “maturation” because it involves an unfolding of biological processes.

When Justin, a teenager, told his parents that he wanted to learn an extracurricular activity, his parents gave him the liberty to choose any activity of his choice. However, they restricted him from choosing extreme sports. In this scenario, Justin’s parents are following the ________ parenting style.