When a toll like receptor (TLR) gene was first discovered in…

When a toll like receptor (TLR) gene was first discovered in fruit fly (Drosophilamelanogaster) in 1996, it was unclear whether its homologues exist in mammals. Please design experiments (in other words, write the techniques you would use) to answer the following questions (4 points for undergrads, 2 points for graduate students): A) Do mice have the TLR genes?B) Are the TLR homologue genes transcribed at different levels in different tissues? (graduate students describe at least two different approaches in detail)C) Are TLR proteins expressed at different levels after viral infection?D) Are the TLR proteins expressed on the plasma membranes? (graduate studentsdescribe two different approaches in detail)

You have 2 strains of bacteria. One is resistant to ampicill…

You have 2 strains of bacteria. One is resistant to ampicillin and the other is resistant to spectinomycin. You mix together the 2 live strains, and to your knowledge, no phages are present in the mixture. After several hours, you plate the mixture on agar plates containing both ampicillin and spectinomycin and get several colonies of bacteria resistant to both antibiotics.Based on the information given, what is the most likely mechanism that has produced the strain now carrying both genetic markers?