Questions 4-8 refer to the following map and passage: Qing…

Questions 4-8 refer to the following map and passage: Qing Empire, c. 1890 Anti-foreign sentiment resulted in the rapid growth of a Chinese secret society (which had existed for centuries) known as the I Ho Ch’uan (Righteous Harmonious Fists), but referred to by the Westerners as “Boxers.” The Boxers called for the expulsion of the “foreign devils” and their Chinese Christian converts. The society stressed the ritualistic use of the martial arts and traditional Chinese weapons. Anti-foreign incidents, including the burning of homes and businesses, increased dramatically in 1898 and 1899, and was primarily directed at Chinese Christians. The number of killings by the Boxers continued to grow, and on 30 December 1899 included a British missionary. Western governments lodged strong protests with the Chinese Dowager Empress, Tzu Hsi. She responded on 11 January 1900, with a declaration that the Boxers represented a segment of Chinese society, and should not be labeled a criminal organization. Her unenthusiastic support for the Chinese Army’s attempts at quelling the violence and the influence of Boxer sympathizers at the Imperial court, led Western governments to deploy military forces on the Chinese coast to protect their citizens and interests. –The Boxer Rebellion and the U.S. Navy, 1900-1901 What did the Europeans hope to gain through treaty ports?

“I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly for…

“I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on the harm of other countries- how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to the people…On the other hand, articles coming from the outside of China, what difficulty would there be if we closed the frontier and stopped the trade?… The goods from China carried away by your country not only supply your own consumption and use, but can also be divided up and sold to other countries, producing a triple profit,”  -Lin Zexu, Qing scholar-official in a letter to Queen Victoria of England, 1839 Which of the following conclusions about the period from 1750 to 1900 is most directly supported by the passage?

Questions 5-8 refer to the following passage: The worst viol…

Questions 5-8 refer to the following passage: The worst violations of hygienic regulations were those I saw in most of the flax-spinning mills where linen is produced. . . . Although in western Europe all the dust-producing carding and combing machines have long been covered and well ventilated, I saw only one Russian linen mill where such a machine was securely covered. Elsewhere, the spools of these machines were completely open to the air, and the scutching apparatus is inadequately ventilated. . . . In factory No. 135 the workers are still treated as serfs. Wages are paid out only twice a year, even then not in full but only enough to pay the workers’ taxes (other necessities are supplied by the factory store). Furthermore this money is not given to the workers directly, but is sent by mail to their village elders and village clerks. Thus the workers are without money the year around. Besides they are also paying severe fines to the factory, and these sums will be subtracted from their wages at the final year-end accounting. –Factory Inspection Report, Moscow, 1880s What event had to occur first in order for Russia to participate in the event discussed in the passage?