A 12-year-old boy presents with a history of severe mood swi…

A 12-year-old boy presents with a history of severe mood swings, including episodes of extreme irritability and violent outbursts described by his parents as “affective storms.” Teachers report rapid shifts from laughing to yelling, pressured speech, and grandiose statements such as “I’m the smartest kid in the world.” He has a decreased need for sleep and has engaged in risky behaviors, including attempting to jump off the roof “just to prove he could fly.” Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnosis based on DSM-5 criteria?

A 38-year-old man is brought to the clinic by his wife for u…

A 38-year-old man is brought to the clinic by his wife for unusual behavior. He is disoriented, provides only approximate answers to questions, and reports hallucinations, blackouts, and memory lapses without coherent explanations. For example, when asked his age, he replies, “I’m not 10.” There is no evidence of neurological disease or substance use. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 27-year-old woman describes experiencing periods lasting 5…

A 27-year-old woman describes experiencing periods lasting 5 to 6 days during which she feels unusually energetic and productive. During these times, she needs less sleep, talks more than usual, feels restless and unable to sit still, and often takes on multiple new projects. These episodes are followed by periods lasting 2 to 3 weeks of low mood, fatigue, hypersomnia, poor concentration, and feelings of guilt about overpromising things during her elevated mood states that she cannot fulfill while feeling depressed. She has never been hospitalized or experienced psychosis. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?