Mаtthew, а 9-yeаr-оld bоy, was brоught to the pediatric clinic by his parents due to concerns about repetitive movements that he has been displaying. According to his parents, Matthew has been engaging in these behaviors since age 2, and they have been becoming more frequent and noticeable. During the assessment, Matthew's parents described his repetitive behaviors, which include hand-waving, body rocking, and finger tapping, particularly when he is excited or anxious. They noted that these movements occur several times throughout the day, at home, school, and in social settings, and appear to interfere with his ability to concentrate on tasks. They also mentioned that Matthew becomes agitated if someone tries to intervene and stop him from performing these movements. Further questioning revealed that Matthew's repetitive movements do not occur exclusively during the course of another neurodevelopmental disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder, and are not attributable to another medical condition or substance use. Additionally, his behaviors are causing distress to both Matthew and his family. Physical examination findings were unremarkable, and developmental milestones were age-appropriate. Psychological evaluation did not reveal any significant emotional or cognitive concerns. What is the best diagnosis for Matthew including DSM-5-TR diagnosis code and appropriate specifiers?
Mаyа, а 12-year-оld girl, is brоught tо counseling by her parents due to concerns about her social and emotional development. From an early age, Maya has exhibited differences in social communication and interaction, often preferring solitary activities and struggling to understand social cues and norms. Despite her intelligence and keen interests in specific subjects, Maya's challenges in navigating social relationships have led to feelings of isolation and frustration. Presenting Concerns:Maya's parents express concern about her difficulties in forming and maintaining friendships, as well as her heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli and changes in routine. They report that Maya experiences frequent meltdowns when faced with unexpected transitions or sensory overload, making it challenging for her to participate in typical social activities or academic settings. Maya's parents seek guidance on how to support her unique needs and help her thrive in her environment. Clinical Assessment:During the assessment, Maya demonstrates a preference for routines and sameness, becoming visibly distressed when faced with changes or unexpected events. She struggles to initiate and sustain conversations, often relying on scripted language or avoiding eye contact altogether. Maya's sensory sensitivities are evident as she recoils from loud noises and bright lights, seeking refuge in quieter, dimly lit spaces.