Developing countries sometimes criticize the imposition of e…
Questions
Develоping cоuntries sоmetimes criticize the imposition of environmentаl protections from weаlthier countries аnd international organization as
PASSAGE 1: Reаd this pаssаge tо answer questiоns 2-6. Racing tо Rescue Koalas [A] It's two in the morning, and a koala is caught on a fence, like a prisoner trying to escape. A phone rings in the home of Megan Aitken in a suburb of Brisbane, on the east coast of Australia. Aitken runs a volunteer organization devoted to rescuing wild koalas. Before she is told the location, she has already thrown her clothes over her pajamas, ready to head out. [B] When Aitken arrives on the scene, two other volunteers - Jane Davies and Sandra Peachey - are already there. They discover that the koala's fur is caught in the barbed wire. Nearby, they notice tall eucalyptus trees. "He was obviously trying to get to the trees on the other side," Aitken says. [C] Aitken puts on heavy gloves. Despite their cute appearance, koalas can be ferocious when resisting capture. If they feel threatened, they bite, and Aitken has the scars to prove it. The volunteers get to work. Davies throws a blanket over the animal, while Peachey opens the lid of a cage. Aitken firmly grasps the koala through the blanket, frees it from the fence, and drops it in the cage. [D] Next, they check the animal's physical condition. If the koala is sick or injured, it may need to be taken to an animal hospital. If the koala is healthy - like this one - it is normally released where it is found. Koalas tend to live in a small area, and often eat from the same trees over and over. [E] Right now, however, Aitken and the rescued koala are in a suburb with almost no trees. "This is the whole problem," Aitken says. "There are so few places left for the koala." In the end, Aitken takes the animal to a small park nearby and releases him. "Good luck, little one," she says. Koalas at Risk [F] "Koalas are getting caught in fences and dying," explains Deidre de Villiers, a koala researcher in Queensland, Australia. Others are being killed by dogs or struck by vehicles, she says. Some even die "simply because a homeowner cut down several eucalyptus trees in his backyard." [G] For 15 years, de Villiers has been studying koalas and the reasons for their disappearance. She is also working on ways to make suburban areas more koala-friendly. De Villiers believes that koalas and humans can live together, if certain changes are made. She recommends reducing speed limits on streets and creating more green areas for koalas to live in. Even more important is the need to preserve eucalyptus trees. [H] Even if these changes are made, koalas still have another problem. "Disease is a huge issue," explains veterinarian Jon Hanger. Hanger says that almost half of Queensland's female koalas are affected by a disease called chlamydiosis. Without treatment, the koalas are unable to reproduce. "Koala populations that used to be vibrant are becoming extinct," says Hanger. Once, there were millions of koalas in Australia; now, there are believed to be fewer than 80,000. A Friend to Koalas [I] At her home near Brisbane, Deidre de Villiers is taking care of a female koala named Ruby. "Ruby still sleeps in the basket hugging her teddy bear," she says. "She was rescued from the jaws of a dog." Every two days, de Villiers collects eucalyptus leaves, the koala's primary food, from a nearby farm to feed Ruby. For 12 years, she has cared for more than 60 koalas. [J] Later, de Villiers visits a forest near Brisbane to catch Tee Vee, a wild female koala. De Villiers has been following Tee Vee for over a year. Using special audio equipment, de Villiers walks and listens for a signal from the koala's radio collar. She eventually finds Tee Vee sitting on a tree branch 15 meters high. As de Villiers climbs up a ladder, Tee Vee starts moving down the tree. Then, suddenly, the koala jumps into the air and lands on the ground. She is quickly captured by de Villiers's team. [K] Tee Vee is given medicine to relax her. Next, de Villiers measures the length of the koala's body and head. She also checks Tee Vee's teeth and the condition of her fur. "I think she has a baby," de Villiers says. She carefully opens the koala's pouch and takes out a 10-centimeter-long baby koala. De Villiers examines the baby for any problems. Then she puts it back in the mother's pouch. "As long as there are healthy babies," she says, "there's still hope." QUESTION: In paragraph C, why does the author mention Aitken's scars?
Shоrt аnswer. Eаrlier this term, we discussed the ideа оf the “rule оf law.” To help clarify the concept, we read Lon Fuller’s Allegory of Rex, in which Rex repeatedly fails to make genuine law. Choose one of Rex’s failures and explain why, according to Fuller, that failure undermines the rule of law.
Shоrt аnswer. (1) Describe the difference between weаlth аnd incоme. (2) Give and explain twо examples of how parents' wealth can shape the future wealth of their children.
Lоng аnswer. Cоnsider the fоllowing pаssаge: > In the conventional view, democracy begins with voters. Ordinary people have preferences about what their government should do. They choose leaders who will do those things, or they enact their preferences directly in referendums. In either case, what the majority wants becomes government policy -- a highly attractive prospect in light of most human experience with governments. Democracy makes the people the rulers, and legitimacy derives from their consent. This way of thinking constitutes a kind of "folk theory" of democracy, a set of accessible, appealing ideas assuring people that they live under an ethically defensible from of government that has their interests at heart. > Unfortunately, while the folk theory of democracy has flourished as an ideal, its credibility has been severely undercut by a growing body of scientific evidence presenting a different and considerably darker view of democratic politics. The evidence demonstrates that the great majority of citizens pay little attention to politics. At election time, they are swayed by how they feel about "the nature of the times," especially the current state of the economy, and by political loyalties typically acquired in childhood. Election outcomes turn out to be largely random events from the viewpoint of contemporary democratic theory. That is, elections are well determined by powerful forces, but those forces are not the ones that current theories of democracy believe should determine how elections come out. > Conventional thinking about democracy has collapsed in the face of modern social-scientific research (adapted from Achen & Bartels 2016). Given the criticisms of U.S. democracy presented in this passage, along with the other criticisms we've covered over the term (ignorance, dead hands, populism, oligarchy, racism, among others), do you think the ideal of democratic self-government can be saved? Why or why not? Your task in this final question is to make a persuasive argument -- to sort through the best reasons to support your view. In making your case, be sure you engage with at least one opposing view or counter-argument.
True оr Fаlse. Demоcrаtic cоllаpse is the process of slow, incremental decay over a long period of time in free and fair elections, liberal rights, and public support for leaders within a regime.
Pаssаge 2: Reаd this passage tо answer questiоns 7-16. DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Chоose the word with the same meaning. It Kills to Be Cute [A] Sometimes being adorable has its disadvantages. Everyone wants to take you home. Just ask the slow loris, one of Southeast Asia's cutest animals. [B] With its small body, long arms and legs, and large, cartoon-like eyes, the slow loris has captured the hearts of many animal lovers around the world. Clips of the slow loris on YouTube, some viewed by millions of people, have increased the animal's popularity. Whether watching it eat a banana or being tickled,1 many viewers have found the little animal simply irresistible.2 [C] What many people find most appealing about the slow loris, however, is the fact that it tends to be shy. Indeed, in Indonesia - one place that the slow loris calls home - local people call the animal malu malu, meaning "shy one." The slow loris, as its name suggests, moves at a slow speed. In its natural habitat, its quiet and steady walking is designed to avoid the attention of others, including potential predators. When it feels threatened, the slow loris does not run away. Rather, it either quietly and slowly backs away from the dangerous situation or covers its face with its arms. It is this distinctive behavior that has officially turned the slow loris into a YouTube superstar. Unfortunately, it has also increased the number of people who have purchased the creature as an exotic3 pet. [D] However, the slow loris does not make a very good pet. Unlike cats or dogs, slow lorises are nocturnal, doing most of their normal activities at night when humans are sleeping. They also require a highly specialized diet - something that only the most attentive of owners can provide. The biggest issue, however, is that many slow lorises get sick and die as a result of improper treatment by exotic animal traders. Because the slow loris has a toxic bite, its teeth are pulled out before being sold. As a result of this, many slow lorises gradually die due to infections. [E] What is most unfortunate is that the animal trade is only contributing to an already serious situation for the slow loris. Due to the demand for medicines and other products from the slow loris in Southeast Asia, slow lorises are frequently hunted and killed at unsustainable4 levels. Furthermore, deforestation - the destruction of forests and jungles for agricultural land - has had the effect of dividing much of the slow loris population. This has, in turn, limited the ability of the creature to reproduce. As a consequence of all these factors, several species of the slow loris have been classified as endangered. If humans do not reverse these trends, it is likely that the slow loris will eventually become extinct. [F] Luckily, it is not all bad news for the cute creature. Many teams of conservationists throughout Southeast Asia have been successful in rescuing slow lorises from traders and releasing them back into the wild. Despite these efforts, however, as long as it remains in demand from thousands of YouTube fans, the future of the slow loris will remain in doubt. 1 To tickle someone means to move your fingers lightly over someone's body to make them laugh. 2 If something is irresistible, people cannot control their desire for it. 3 Something that is exotic is unfamiliar and unusual. 4 Something that is unsustainable cannot continue in the same way; in the context of wildlife hunting, it means animals are killed at a faster rate than they can reproduce. Choose the word with the same meaning: toxic (paragraph D)
UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARY - Remember tо use cоntext tо determine the meаning of unfаmiliаr words. DIRECTIONS: Find each word in the passage. Then match each word with the word or phrase with the same meaning. [A] When there is not enough to go around, people often turn on each other. It is a classic human tale. If trapped in difficult conditions with little food or fresh water, humans try to survive at all costs, even to the point of conflict. It is thus no surprise that the same survival game takes place between humans and animals, especially when limited resources mean that both man and beast must fight for their own well-being. [B] Such a problem exists for the Bengal tigers. Within the forests, there is often not enough prey to keep the tigers satisfied. This forces them into the villages in search of livestock and even human flesh. With many in the villages having lost a friend or family member from a tiger attack, revenge killings of tigers are not uncommon. Unfortunately, this has made a bad situation worse for the Bengal tigers. Already endangered due to human poaching,1 revenge killings are contributing to the Bengal tiger's eventual extinction. [C] Luckily, it is not all bad news for the villagers and tigers of the region. Many volunteer organizations have been doing their part to protect humans and tigers from each other. One example of such an organization is Wild Team, a network of brave volunteers from the Bangladeshi side of the border. To convince humans not to engage in tiger killings, Wild Team educates local villagers on the importance of Bengal tigers for the local ecosystem. When a tiger does find its way into a village, Wild Team sends one of its 49 emergency response teams to try to scare the tiger back into the forest using non-violent means. 1Poaching involves illegally capturing or killing animals.
Pаssаge 2: Reаd this passage tо answer questiоns 7-16. DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Chоose the word with the same meaning. It Kills to Be Cute [A] Sometimes being adorable has its disadvantages. Everyone wants to take you home. Just ask the slow loris, one of Southeast Asia's cutest animals. [B] With its small body, long arms and legs, and large, cartoon-like eyes, the slow loris has captured the hearts of many animal lovers around the world. Clips of the slow loris on YouTube, some viewed by millions of people, have increased the animal's popularity. Whether watching it eat a banana or being tickled,1 many viewers have found the little animal simply irresistible.2 [C] What many people find most appealing about the slow loris, however, is the fact that it tends to be shy. Indeed, in Indonesia - one place that the slow loris calls home - local people call the animal malu malu, meaning "shy one." The slow loris, as its name suggests, moves at a slow speed. In its natural habitat, its quiet and steady walking is designed to avoid the attention of others, including potential predators. When it feels threatened, the slow loris does not run away. Rather, it either quietly and slowly backs away from the dangerous situation or covers its face with its arms. It is this distinctive behavior that has officially turned the slow loris into a YouTube superstar. Unfortunately, it has also increased the number of people who have purchased the creature as an exotic3 pet. [D] However, the slow loris does not make a very good pet. Unlike cats or dogs, slow lorises are nocturnal, doing most of their normal activities at night when humans are sleeping. They also require a highly specialized diet - something that only the most attentive of owners can provide. The biggest issue, however, is that many slow lorises get sick and die as a result of improper treatment by exotic animal traders. Because the slow loris has a toxic bite, its teeth are pulled out before being sold. As a result of this, many slow lorises gradually die due to infections. [E] What is most unfortunate is that the animal trade is only contributing to an already serious situation for the slow loris. Due to the demand for medicines and other products from the slow loris in Southeast Asia, slow lorises are frequently hunted and killed at unsustainable4 levels. Furthermore, deforestation - the destruction of forests and jungles for agricultural land - has had the effect of dividing much of the slow loris population. This has, in turn, limited the ability of the creature to reproduce. As a consequence of all these factors, several species of the slow loris have been classified as endangered. If humans do not reverse these trends, it is likely that the slow loris will eventually become extinct. [F] Luckily, it is not all bad news for the cute creature. Many teams of conservationists throughout Southeast Asia have been successful in rescuing slow lorises from traders and releasing them back into the wild. Despite these efforts, however, as long as it remains in demand from thousands of YouTube fans, the future of the slow loris will remain in doubt. 1 To tickle someone means to move your fingers lightly over someone's body to make them laugh. 2 If something is irresistible, people cannot control their desire for it. 3 Something that is exotic is unfamiliar and unusual. 4 Something that is unsustainable cannot continue in the same way; in the context of wildlife hunting, it means animals are killed at a faster rate than they can reproduce. Choose the word with the same meaning: consequence (paragraph E)
PASSAGE 1: Reаd this pаssаge tо answer questiоns 2-6. Racing tо Rescue Koalas [A] It's two in the morning, and a koala is caught on a fence, like a prisoner trying to escape. A phone rings in the home of Megan Aitken in a suburb of Brisbane, on the east coast of Australia. Aitken runs a volunteer organization devoted to rescuing wild koalas. Before she is told the location, she has already thrown her clothes over her pajamas, ready to head out. [B] When Aitken arrives on the scene, two other volunteers - Jane Davies and Sandra Peachey - are already there. They discover that the koala's fur is caught in the barbed wire. Nearby, they notice tall eucalyptus trees. "He was obviously trying to get to the trees on the other side," Aitken says. [C] Aitken puts on heavy gloves. Despite their cute appearance, koalas can be ferocious when resisting capture. If they feel threatened, they bite, and Aitken has the scars to prove it. The volunteers get to work. Davies throws a blanket over the animal, while Peachey opens the lid of a cage. Aitken firmly grasps the koala through the blanket, frees it from the fence, and drops it in the cage. [D] Next, they check the animal's physical condition. If the koala is sick or injured, it may need to be taken to an animal hospital. If the koala is healthy - like this one - it is normally released where it is found. Koalas tend to live in a small area, and often eat from the same trees over and over. [E] Right now, however, Aitken and the rescued koala are in a suburb with almost no trees. "This is the whole problem," Aitken says. "There are so few places left for the koala." In the end, Aitken takes the animal to a small park nearby and releases him. "Good luck, little one," she says. Koalas at Risk [F] "Koalas are getting caught in fences and dying," explains Deidre de Villiers, a koala researcher in Queensland, Australia. Others are being killed by dogs or struck by vehicles, she says. Some even die "simply because a homeowner cut down several eucalyptus trees in his backyard." [G] For 15 years, de Villiers has been studying koalas and the reasons for their disappearance. She is also working on ways to make suburban areas more koala-friendly. De Villiers believes that koalas and humans can live together, if certain changes are made. She recommends reducing speed limits on streets and creating more green areas for koalas to live in. Even more important is the need to preserve eucalyptus trees. [H] Even if these changes are made, koalas still have another problem. "Disease is a huge issue," explains veterinarian Jon Hanger. Hanger says that almost half of Queensland's female koalas are affected by a disease called chlamydiosis. Without treatment, the koalas are unable to reproduce. "Koala populations that used to be vibrant are becoming extinct," says Hanger. Once, there were millions of koalas in Australia; now, there are believed to be fewer than 80,000. A Friend to Koalas [I] At her home near Brisbane, Deidre de Villiers is taking care of a female koala named Ruby. "Ruby still sleeps in the basket hugging her teddy bear," she says. "She was rescued from the jaws of a dog." Every two days, de Villiers collects eucalyptus leaves, the koala's primary food, from a nearby farm to feed Ruby. For 12 years, she has cared for more than 60 koalas. [J] Later, de Villiers visits a forest near Brisbane to catch Tee Vee, a wild female koala. De Villiers has been following Tee Vee for over a year. Using special audio equipment, de Villiers walks and listens for a signal from the koala's radio collar. She eventually finds Tee Vee sitting on a tree branch 15 meters high. As de Villiers climbs up a ladder, Tee Vee starts moving down the tree. Then, suddenly, the koala jumps into the air and lands on the ground. She is quickly captured by de Villiers's team. [K] Tee Vee is given medicine to relax her. Next, de Villiers measures the length of the koala's body and head. She also checks Tee Vee's teeth and the condition of her fur. "I think she has a baby," de Villiers says. She carefully opens the koala's pouch and takes out a 10-centimeter-long baby koala. De Villiers examines the baby for any problems. Then she puts it back in the mother's pouch. "As long as there are healthy babies," she says, "there's still hope." QUESTION: Why does de Villiers's team capture Tee Vee?